Acinetobacter baumanii is associated with high mortality within the intensive care setting owing to its inherent multi-drug resistant properties. Common Gram-negative organisms include species of the Enterobacteriaceae family, including Klebsiella pneumoniae and K lebsiella oxytoca, Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, and Enterobacter species Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumanii, and Burkholderia cepacian. ![]() difficile accounts for the most commonly reported pathogen in US hospitals (15% of all infections with a reported pathogen). Common Gram-positive organisms include coagulase-negative S taphylococci, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus species, and Enterococcus species (e.g. Opportunistic bacterial infections occur when there is a breakdown of the host immune system functions. Overall, bacteria are the most common pathogens, followed by fungi and viruses.īacteria may originate from an exogenous or endogenous source as part of the natural flora. The prevalence of infections caused by particular microorganisms varies depending on the healthcare facility location, healthcare setting, and patient population. Specific microorganisms have unique characteristics that favor particular types of infections in susceptible hosts. Pathogens responsible for nosocomial infections include bacteria, viruses, and fungi. ![]() Interestingly, this same study showed that NV-HAP is the most common type of HAI in the acute health care setting, which is consistent with studies conducted in Europe. The prevalence of these types of infections has changed from point-prevalence surveys in 2011, which showed pneumonia (21.8%) and SSI (21.8%) as the most common, followed by gastrointestinal (17.1%), urinary tract (12.9%), bloodstream (9.9%) and other infections. HAI may also be grouped by affected systems such as ear, eye, nose and throat infections, lower respiratory tract infections (including bronchitis, tracheobronchitis, bronchiolitis, tracheitis, lung abscess or empyema without evidence of pneumonia), skin and soft-tissue infections, cardiovascular infection, bone and joint infections, central nervous systems infection, and reproductive tract infections.Ī point-prevalence survey conducted in the United States in 2015 showed that the most common HAI in acute hospital settings is pneumonia, followed by gastrointestinal infections, SSI, other infections of the systems, as mentioned earlier, bloodstream infections, and urinary tract infections. Other types of HAI include non-ventilator-associated hospital-acquired pneumonia (NV-HAP), gastrointestinal infections (including Clostridioides difficile), other primary bloodstream infections-not associated with central catheter use, and other urinary tract infections-not associated with catheter use. However, there has been a great effort by infection prevention and control programs to develop surveillance systems and infection control methods. The burden of HAIs worldwide is unknown owing to the lack of surveillance systems for HAIs. HAI affects 3.2% of all hospitalized patients in the United States, 6.5% in the European Union/European Economic Area, and worldwide prevalence is likely much higher. The emergence of multi-drug resistant organisms is another complication seen with HAI. They contribute to significant morbidity, mortality, and financial burden on patients, families, and healthcare systems. HAI is the most common adverse event in health care that affects patient safety. The etiology of HAI is based on the source or type of infection and the responsible pathogen, which may be bacterial, viral, or fungal. ![]() In modern healthcare, invasive procedures and surgery, indwelling medical devices, and prosthetic devices are associated with these infections. Infection occurs when pathogen(s) spread to a susceptible patient host. HAIs also include occupational infections that may affect staff. They may occur in different areas of healthcare delivery, such as in hospitals, long-term care facilities, and ambulatory settings, and may also appear after discharge. Nosocomial infections also referred to as healthcare-associated infections (HAI), are infection(s) acquired during the process of receiving health care that was not present during the time of admission.
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